Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome In Stories English Literature Essay

brook traumatic deform Syndrome In Stories English Literature EssayPost accidental injurytic stress syndrome is a mental disorder that arises from exposure to a traumatic, aw undecomposedy frightening or sustenance threatening experience happening either to matchlessself or to a c pull behind friend, relative or colleague. The manifestations of this disorder be manifested a trance later on the experience. The symptoms include reliving the experience, avoidance and hyper arousal. 1 place re-experience the trauma with flash backs, nightmares, anxiety and frightening thoughts. Avoidance involves keeping by from places, objects or up to nowts that remind unity of the experience. A soul may dim into depression. thither is withal a loss of interest in activities that erstwhile seemed enjoyable. The individual in question also experiences unrestrained numbness. In hyper arousal, the somebody set ups tense, is easily upset and alone over-sensitive. The person is also hyper watchful. For diagnosis to be made, the symptoms moldiness switch lasted for at least a month. The attempt of these symptoms is also detain by weeks or months.Even though this disorder has been in mankind for a long age, it was formally diagnosed in 1980. It has been given other call such as shell shock, stress syndrome, traumatic strugglefare neuroticism and date fatigue. In the First World War, the victims of this disorder were verbalise to satisfy from gross stress reaction and survive spends of the Vietnam War were said to fulfil from post Vietnam Syndrome.With the above background on Post traumatic air Syndrome, one can clearly state that the disorder can non be dissociated from surviving troops of a major state of contend. For the soldiers who survive a struggle and its traumatic experience, there is no escaping the symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome and in well-nigh cases, life is n incessantly the same again.This statement can be evidentiall y support by the three war stories given. In the first floor, the narrator is the brother of a soldier who survived the Vietnam War. As stated above, the troops in this were said to have Post Vietnam Syndrome (Medicinenet.com, 2010). The narrator reminisces the good times he shared with his brother forwards he joined the army and was sent strike to war. The brother, hydrogen returns a totally alterd person exactly non for the better. In the second narrative, Krebs is a soldier who returns from war long after(prenominal) the war heroes have been celebrated. Much as he tries sound to live a normal life, no one comprehends him and he seems to be living in a origination of his own. The third story is narrated by a power war ex-serviceman who discourses ab turn out his experiences with his fellow soldiers in the war. He talks about how a certain war story is not moral but full of atrocities. He however says that the accuracy of a war story is someones experience and is judged by the listener.Story One The blood-red ConvertibleIn the first story, Henry is a guy full of life and enjoying it to the fullest. He shares a warm consanguinity with his brother Lyman the narrator. He is also very friendly and can settle conversation even with strangers. On their summertime tour, he invites a fille he had not met to ride with them so they could take her home and they end up devolveing a substantial amount of time at the girls home. He is also funny and makes people laugh distribute when he carries the long haired girl on his shoulders so that he can have a go through of having long pretty hair. He is adventurous, which is clearly shown when he and his brother spend the whole summer driving across the country.Henry is also render as being very enthusiastic and lively. He is spontaneous and not afraid of taking risks. Together with his brother, he spends his pay checks impulse purchase a car even after he has been laid arrive at. During their summ er tour, Henry is depicted by his brother as having a punch-drunk attitude. This is shown in the way he relaxes under a tree napping peacefully with no cares in the world and enjoying the moment while it lasts.Henry accordingly joins the army immediately after the summer trip. He is sent off into the Vietnam War and it takes about three years for him to return home. By the time he returns home, he is a completely different person. The narrator indicates that the change is not for the better. He also says that even though the war is over in the governments mind. It is red to be long before it is over in Henrys meaning that the war experience will be engraved in his mind for a long time. Lyman also goes on to say that it is acquittance to be hard to expect his brother to change for the better.Research shows that war veterans who develop Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome have difficulty re-entering the ordination after war and having normal congenerships. They bear invisible wounds and battle with their emotions. The dishonor they fight with causes them to isolate themselves. They are unable to talk about their war experiences with anyone. A significant number will commit suicide when they lose the battle within themselves (Sederer, 2010). In this story, we see Henry struggling to concur into the fraternity once more. As is the case with most war veterans, he struggles to have normal relationships with his family and friends and doesnt talk about his war experiences. As one veteran says, war stuff is stuff you cannot talk about in the civilian world, that is so detached from the war (Simon).Avoidance (Medicinenet.com, 2010), a symptom of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome sets heavily on Henrys life after the war. In addition to not talking about his experiences in the war and avoiding the subject altogether, he also avoids close relationships for example the cordial relationship he shared with his brother before the war. He loses interest in the red convertibl e that he once akind very untold which worries his brother. Nothing seems to matter anymore and according to his brother he was such a loner. He seems emotionally numb and when he laughs, he seems like he is crying. He is also no longer the jolly person he was, always cracking jokes and as his brother says, you cannot get him to laugh.Henry also be hails very quiet. He also cannot sit still and is ever moving up and cut. This is in contrast to his relaxed carefree self before when he would sit down whole afternoons without moving. He seems to always be on the lookout for something and was always tense, sometimes gripping the armrest of his chair with all his force as if afraid that if he let go he could crash. This indicates hyper arousal a symptom of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome.You can put forward that Henry is reliving his experiences when he bites through his lip. Blood flows down and he does not even notice it. It soaks his bread but he continues eating it which is probab ly a scene that he lived through in the war. He also kept wearing the clothes he had come back in. When he sets about to repair the red convertible, he whole shebang nonstop to the point of his brother thinking he will lug himself to death with the work, an indicator that he still remembers the hard days at war.At one point, Lyman can feel the struggle that his brother is going through. Despite all that he tries to be normal and to fit into the society once more. There are times that he seems better and acts normal. Post Traumatic Stress has however got the better of him and no matter how hard he tries, he finds that a war veteran does not get over his experiences and become normal that easily. He does not live in the same world as other civilians and soon decent, he becomes one of the statistics in the record of war Veterans who survive the war ordeal but lose their inner battle to suicide (Sederer, 2010).Story Two Soldiers star signIn this story, Ernest Hemmingway tells a stor y of Harold Krebs a soldier who returns home after fighting five major battles. On his return, Krebs tries hard to fit into the society. It does not athletic supporter things that he returns long after the heroes have been celebrated. Before the onset of symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome, Krebs is seen as a sociable person. On his return, he goes to the poolroom to try and reconnect with people. He also somehow neer shekels liking his sister as stated, He liked her. She was his favourite sister. This indicates that he shared cordial relations with the sister and still liked her. There is also an indicator that Krebs was ambitious as indicated when his let speaks to him concerning his fathers worries He thinks you have lost your ambition. He however seems to have been very detached from his father.When Krebs comes back, he initially wants to talk about his experiences in the war. However, no one gives a listening ear and his stories do not seem interesting enough compare d to the atrocities that people had heard from other veterans. Soon enough he is forced to lie in order to get people to listen to him. intelligibly he is having difficulties re-entering the society after war and fitting in. This is aggravated by the fact that he did not receive a heros welcome. According to a Vietnam veteran, soldiers were likely to suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome when they are not welcomed back home as was the case with most Vietnam veterans (Wellness Directory of Minnesota, 2006).Krebs badly wants to recruit his normal life but no one understands him and he seems like he is living in a world of his own. Even when he tells lies, the stories are still not interesting enough. The society that is supposed to help him deal with his experiences and cope with Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome fails on its part. One researcher says that after returning home, A combat veteran ask time, support and understanding of other people (Wilson, 2009), and have an oppor tunity to talk about and, eventually, to feel the emotions associated with (Wilson, 2009) the trauma. As is the case with an Iraq war veteran (Simon), Krebs square(a) war story is incomprehensible by the people around him. Krebs is pushed by the society he is living in into assuming that nothing happened and he has to go through avoidance to face the situation.Avoidance sets in in full gear in Krebs life and his once normal relationships come back apart (Medicinenet.com, 2010). The once sociable Krebs now decides to seek refuge in solitude at the library. This is clearly observed in victims of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome as is noted by one medical unsex (Sederer, 2010). In his words, he says that the shame they soldiers go through in the subject has them isolate themselves.Krebs also avoids intimacy, romantic relationships and any other thing that would make his simple lifestyle of avoidance any complicated. This is characteristic of the sufferers of PTSD. He does not want t o come out of his shell and face anything that would complicate his life further. He starts living in fear of facing reality. He tolerates his mother but he does not go to bed for. He wishes anyone would understand the world he is living in and the fact that he does not love anyone. He has undergone emotional numbness and also lost interest in things that he had previously liked (Medicinenet.com, 2010). To avoid being pushed further, he promises to go and look for a job.In relation to fellow soldiers, Krebs seems to think they understand him more. However, when he talks to them, he relives his experience at the war which was scary and is forced to face reality. This makes him guilt laden and all the things he did hate him. He feels guilty that he survived and shame for all the things he did in the war.Story Three How to tell a true war storyThis story is told by a soldier who is trying to find out the mystery behind a war story in relation to reality. He talks about his fellow sol diers in combat and the stories they tell while trying to tell a war story in order to be soundless. In the story, there is Bob Kiley whose scoop up friend and fellow soldier Curt Lemon is killed and Mitchell Sanders who is seeking to be listened to and understood. The soldiers in this setting are suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. dope Kiley is struggling to stay in touch with his feelings when his go around friend dies. He is emotional and humane and despite the war experience, he still has a very vulnerable part of him. According to the narrator, a true war story is never moral otherwise it use be believed. Consequently when Rat writes an emotional and moral letter to his friends sister, she never replies. The frustration of not being understood leads to him being insensitive and emotionally numb, a case seen in PTSD (Wilson, 2009). A little later, Rat is talking dirty and calling the sister a dumb cooze. He has a lot of anger which according to a war veteran is a symptom of PTSD and is misdirected. Rat unleashes this anger by mutilating a baby buffalo as the other soldiers look on without dictum much. They clearly understand what he is going through.According to the narrator, war is a mysterious experience. It is rarely about acts of heroisms and more about anger and inability to deal with terrible and awkward experiences effectively. A war story lonesome(prenominal) makes sense to the narrator and only the listener can judge the truth of the story. Its also about what is real to the story teller whether they die or live after the incident. The narrator portrays the challenges of a soldier in the battle for example, when Mitchell is telling a story he really wants to be believed. He keeps asking, Understand me. Even though he tries to act as though he tries to act as though he does not care whether he is believed, the narrator can tell from his sadness that he wants to be believed.The narrator also expresses symptoms of Post Traumatic St ress Syndrome. He relives the experiences he has been through and has the images engraved in his mind twenty years later. He can remember the last moments of Curt lemon and how he looked like. He can also remember getting Curt Lemons body split of the tree I remember the white bone of an arm. He tells the story in a very indifferent way portraying emotional numbness (Medicinenet.com). He ends the story by talking about the true picture of war as the memories and the unique experience a soldier goes through which involves being afraid and is nothing close to heroic acts. He echoes the words of a former veteran who says that what is learnt in combat is never forgotten (Wellness Directory of Minnesota, 2006)The other soldiers also portray their share of PTSD symptoms through the weird experiences and the noises they hear that lead them to doing things that even their commander would not understand. whole in all, the soldiers understand each other because they have been through quasi (prenominal) experiences but their experiences are beyond civilian comprehension.ConclusionPost Traumatic Stress Syndrome is an experience all too familiar with most war veterans. Their suffering is however incomprehensible to most civilians and their experiences are not understood by civilians. At the end of a war, the soldiers may receive a heroic welcome but due to the bizarre experiences they go through, their lives are never the same again and it takes a lot for them to fit back into the society.

Connectivity A Consumer Trend Marketing Essay

Connectivity A Consumer Trend Marketing Es interpretThis project is in lieu of 50% of our grade. This re appearance is based on connectivity as a consumer ca hold. It throws light on the history, evolution and future of connectivity as a trend. This report has been compiled by Athina DSilva (ID-101648277) and C allahan embrown (ID-101664347), under the supervision and guidance of Professor Noela Michael.CProgram FilesMicrosoft OfficeMEDIACAGCAT10j0287005.wmfCONSUMER slip CONNECTIVITYWHAT IS A CONSUMER hack?According to ANDY HINES, it is substantial to go for memorial of consumer trends as it overhauls in providing a primer on the evolving global trends, and how these global trends kick upstairs evolve in the future (Hines. A 2008, p23). The k instantaneouslyledge ga at that placed from the vignette of trends tin be put to use in terms of sleuthing threats, unc everywhereing new opportunities, crafting strategies, exploring new market convergences and serve and most sign ificantly understanding consumer learns. Hence as defined by the English mental lexicon a consumer trend may be defined as consumer habits or behaviors that prevail among customers of a particular good or dish out.It is helpful to keep track of these trends as it not vertical now help forecasters determine just how much a particular group of customers buy a harvest-time or portion tho as well how much they spend. Data dispassionate by a trend forecaster may include instruction on how much a consumer uses a particular crossroad/service, and how they roundabout with their social cyberspace about that particular brand.In the year 2012, connectivity is say to be adept of the consumer trends that is evolving and has already become a indispensability to one million millions. An term by CHRIS FOX talks about the different trends that be well-heeled which leave al unmatched continue to do so, hardly the overall theme of all these trends is connectivity. Chris Fox ex plains how, in spite of the business/electronics world go much and much complex by the day the consumers seem to be safekeeping up and adapting to these changes fast. Connectivity does not moreover define the net profit but withal branches out to delight connectivity such as television, cable or beam TV. Then there argon lustrous phones, ultra books, connected appliances, tease less payments etc (Fox, C 2012, p 8-9)CONNECTIVITY AS A TRENDA emin record outlet of new engineering seems to be spanning the media, social space, internet and telecom hence the digital consumer came in to being .consider the fact that the TV took 13 years, radio took 38yearsand the internet took 4 years to hit 50 million users (Infosys, 2011). This not only shows us how technology is evolving speedily but has also accelerated these changes in the digital landscape and how fast these digitally active consumers accept and embrace these changes with ease. Consumers deal changed the way consumers make corrupt decisions, communicate, respond and transact. INFOSYS analyzed this trend and the participants in the digital economy they amply realized the command to place and make sure the digital consumers were at the consequence of their business. (Infosys, 2011)The landscape for wireless connectivity is evolving rapidly, and with these modifications come new challenges for delivering the best flavour of consumer experience. Over the death few years there has been a ample growth in volume in terms of mobile data consumption not only by laptops and computers but also smart phones. Smart phones in particular, cede seen a massive expansion in occurs with the smart phone forecasts to rise to approximately 64 percent of all cell phone sales in Western atomic number 63 by 2015. Public Wi-Fi networks meet grown beyond expectations as well. For casing -in the UK British Tele intercourse plc has now over 1.5million public hotspots. (Orlandi, et al 2011, p1)not so long ago customers were connecting to the internet via a dial -up fraternity modem. The birth of the broadband initially offered the advantages of high data rates as well as an al ways on association. But now this so called broadband affiliation is not solely for using the internet but it also supplies its customers with high interpretation broadcast TV and enhanced telephony go. This offer goes by the name of Triple Play , this form of connectivity has already spread from The middle east to most European countries standardized France and is rapidly becoming the norm everywhere. (Hows, C 2006, p73)Figure 1 AOL BOX , stemma Hows, C (2006) mental image 1 depicts the Triple Play technology.The AOL box (figure 1) has a high speed ADSL 2+ modem and constituent over IP capability. An Ethernet port allows a connection from the set top box to the TV so providing their customers with high speed internet, a cable TV offer as well as n enhanced telephone line. ( Hows, C 2006, p73)WHATS BEEN INVESTIGATED AND plant OUT BY MARKETING THEORISTS ON CONNECTIVITY AS A TRENDThe alignment between end-user products and work that accompany them is a key trend in this industry. This has been proved in the case of Apple computers Incs I pod i.e. a portable digital symphony player, which is integrated with I tunes melody store. The development between the service and handset relationship has proved to be a success. Enabling the transfer of ringtones from a mobile operator to a mobile phone that can play it clearly is a respectable yet simple example of the service-to-platform convergence service. Facilitating this link between the 2 allowed mobile operators who deployed this service to generate r pointue enhancement from each subscriber for operate they subscribed to other(a) than a voice connection as visualized in figure 2.Figure 2 U.S. Mobile Phone Revenues ARPU 1999-2010 origination Scherf, K (2006)The figure above shows the gradual maturation in the revenue from t he year 2000 to 2010.Another example would be the sales of high interpretation television and the upgrade to a HD television service. A high interpretation display go aways consumers leave behind turn to a service volunteerr such as cable, Telco (if available) or satellite in site to provide them with a broader content. certainly the era of antennas get out facilitate over -the-air high definition of local bridle-paths, but the increasing consumer base (figure 3) indicates that they ar gainful for such services due to the fact that they atomic number 18 seeking more in terms of High Definition programming, half of them initiated this service last year . These atomic number 18 the trends that service providers are studying in order to help them determine how much high definition content to provide their customers with .The graph below shows the make up in the sales of high definition displays in the late 2006, where service providers will stick an even large base of authorisation high definition customers.Figure 3 high definition TELEVISION SERVICES SUBSCRIPTION AND INITIATIONSource Scherf, K (2006) broadband And ConectivityIt had been state that the number of worldwide households that have broadband is expected to increase from 184 million at the end of 2005 and will scat towards the mark of cd million at the end of 2010. Each consumer will center on how effectively broadband carriers build enticing packages of services and enter the estate of experience providers. Consumer seek showed that unique service flings and good consumer support go on to be key variables in improving consumer satisfaction and retaining customers. (Scherf, K 2006, pp 4-5)wideband Enabled ContentHouseholds with a inhabitation computer and broadband connection lead a share of digital home services and product trends now. Although the charm of a broadband connections are faster e-mail and categories of media active consumers-those consumers that have invested h eavily in online industriousnesss such as music, videos ,movies and photography already number in millions of households. Research shows that a prominent percentage of U.S internet users are now paying for these online content experiences as shown in Figure 4. As more consumers begin to use internet content services as complements to existing broadband, television and mobile phone subscriptions there is bound to be an expected increase in the number of users paying for these services as measure- added -services rather than the stand -alone-subscription. Revenues in the U.S for such entertainment like music, movies, looseness and videos via the internet all of which can be enjoyed with a broadband connection at home on a computer was said to increase $11 billion annually by the end of 2010 ,which is quiet an spacious change. ( Scherf, K 2006, pp7-8)The figure 4 below shows the percentage of internet users that are 18+ and paying for their online content .the highest percentage o f users use the internet for online music and is followed by pc gaming , online console gaming shows a smooth lesser percentage and the least number of users for online videos.Figure 4 constituent of Internet Users Paying for Online ContentSource Scherf, K 2006, pp7Most of the services currently are PC based and with the consumers strong familiarity with the internet multimedia content and their increasing desire to enjoy video content on the television will increase the demand to bridge the solutions like todays digital media adapter or electronic devices with direct connection to the internet and their home networks( television).a good example would be the HOMEZONE SERVICE offered by AT T ,which includes the internet video offerings of AKIMBO ,this is defiantly one model that can lead to the success of connected entertainment experience that consumers crave for. ( Scherf, K 2006, pp7)Multimedia NetworksThe market for linking a home PC to a CE device is quiet small as of now. Fu rthermore the market for the digital media adapters has not fared as well as it was hoped to have by many manufactures due to many challenges such as the high prices and the less-than -perfect connectivity issues. That being said, there is going to be an expected increase in consumer use of digital content in terms of both downloading and streaming due to the emergence of multimedia network i.e. PC-CE,as consumers seek ways to extend the nub of entertainment beyond their home computers. For example the GLOBAL DIGITAL LIVING research identified a global base of households in millions that are potential buyers of atleast a even-to-point music distribution system as shown in the FIGURE BELOW. (Scherf, K 2006, p 14)Figure 5 categorize Global digital Music EnthusiastsSource Scherf, K 2006, p 14Already over 500,000 XBOX users have linked their xbox to their home computer, including media center systems that are beginning to enter a large base of households worldwide. Another category o f products to be watched in this area is the network attached storage media servers (NAS).these will be use to back up any digital content but will also enable its users to stream its contents in various ways in the comfort of their own homes. (Scherf, K 2006, p 14)HOW HAS THE INDUSTRY employ AND DOCUMENTED THIS TREND?From his key note for the manufacturing innovation conference in 2012 held in Orlando, Florida. Futurist Jim Carrol spoke about how manufacturing companies can add value to their product with intelligence and connectivity. He said connectivity is one of the in the lead trends which will define products through the next 10 years. According to Jim Carrol, everything roughly us is built to be plugged into everything else, the essence of the devices we used past has changed to what they are now. Since everything around us is driven by innovation and the requirement to improvise and innovate in order to be on top and increase business velocity and how connectivity as a trend is now the driving force or the core foundation to everything in our lives. ATT is in the process of developing clothing with in- built body sensors that keep track and monitor blood invokeure, perspiration rates and other health indicators. The core foundation here reflects on connectivity, and is based on the idea where one small cell phone App tracks everything. This basically gives us an idea of the rapid pace of innovation in terms of connectivity. (Caroll, J 2012)HOW HAS THE INDUSTRY utilize THIS TREND IN CREATING AND CHANGING THE MARKETING MIX?All of the changes above have all taken place one after the other over night and its very diaphanous that these changes in mountains lifestyles will also lead to changes in how organizations approach potential customers and sell their products. Since each product is unique and has different functions and different types of buyers companies have to come up with customized merchandising mix for each product.V.I. THE MARKETING MIX DESIGNED KEEPING CONNECTIVITY- AS A CONSUMER TREND IN MIND WOULD BE AS FOLLOWSPRODUCT- the means by which consumers create and share commercial and personal content, enjoy a variety of entertainment and programming Apps and enhance their productivity be it at home or on the go is evolving immensely as digital technologies are become more mainstream. We have now reached a point where the digital life style comprising the consumer activities mentioned above has become more of a reality now than ever. The last decade has seen a lot in in terms of solid activity and potential among multi- players in service delivery, development of software and platform design to address the growing consumer need for solutions in terms of enhancement of their life style and productivity application from broadband to new television services to portable music. (Scherf, K 2006, pp 5-6)The digital lifestyle market growth has largely been consumer driven and products and services have been acquired in piecemeal fashion. For instance, three-fourths of data networks in U.S households were purchased directly at retail by consumers, meaning it was up to them to decide if they had a need for network as in to share a single connection for instance if the solution for their needs were based on social parameters such as reviews, performance and opinions from trusted and known sources lastly if they knew how to install and tack together the product. QUAD-PLAY BUNDLE is an example which includes mobile communication and entertainment services in their package. This part of the marketing plan also deals with product enhancement,in earlier measure the mobile phone was nothing but a bulky voice transmitting device , now the headsets are sleek ,converged devices that not only help in transmitting or enabling voice communication but can also provide diverse experiences ,from television camera like functions to video viewing capabilities etc. Since 2004 80% of mobiles in U.S markets have bee n camera capable pieces. Ever since the invention of cell phones with cameras, service providers have been offering runive prices to entice their clients to buy a cell phone with a camera. This demand has further increased with the introduction of mega -pixel camera phones that promote services like photo sharing and printing. Also, SMS(short message service) have been futher enhanced with 2 way video calling . (Scherf, K 2006, pp 5-6 )PLACE with regards to connectivity there isnt a particular place that organizations can be specific of when it comes to marketing their product. They have to cover all area such as offices , homes and even connectivity on the go as people opt to stay connected even when they are travelling from one place to another be it through their lap tops ,I pads or even cell phones.The advent of the 3G technology is a good example of the know fact that people draw it a necessity to be connected even when theyre on the move and hence the element of place in the marketing mix cannot be confined to 1 aspect but is has to cover all aspects of connectivity in terms of different locations.PRICE with regards to the growing needs of consumers to stay connected, consumers are willing to pay any price to be connected at all times. Now service providers are coming up with likely packages for their clients to keep them connected. A good example is the etisalat triple play, (e-vision), black pluck and I phone packages that are available. Fulfilling the requirement for end to end wireless applications for customers at low costs have been implemented. (ICRM India, 2012)PROMOTION this is the most classic element of the marketing mix. Service providers have various promotion methods to attract a strong client base and spread awareness of their product/service.Promotion methods include advertising via the television, magazines, internet, bill boards, and social networking sites, holding press conferences, appointing a brand ambassador to promote the pr oduct or service and lastly putting up official websites for the product.VI. WHAT ARE THE CONSUMER BEHAVIOR CONCEPTS IN TERMS OF CONNECTIVITY?MOTIVATION connectivity has become a major delivery channel for all industries. It creates easy access and convenience for consumers, it has also emerged as one of the easiest and most opted means of increasing and improving business agility throughout the business world from customers, partners, employers, employees and suppliers. The fact that even though it is in so much demand by consumers it is very cost effective as suppliers have come up with various schemes and benefits and most importantly different forms of connectivity ,be it via 3G connections on cell phones, 3 in 1 modem that links TV, land line and broadband connection etc. (ICRM India 2012)CONSUMERS ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE TREND based on research it has been said that connectivity (data networking) is become a success story on its own. perspicacity of data networking has grown fr om 2.5 million in U.S households at the end of 1998 and has said to exceed 20 million today and also an estimated 80 million worldwide because it solved a couple of key problems such as allowing multiple users to access shared resources such as broadband. (Scherf, K 2006, p 12). All consumers have a positive attitude towards the trend .The only negative aspect of the trend is the risk of using the internet if people arent well educated in terms of using the internet for online shopping, or banking etc.BUYING AND DISPOSING OF THE TRENDAccording to an article posted by the official JIM CARROLL website, he talks about how connectivity has no end and how it will only keep evolving. Consumers opt to use the trend as they are extremely dependant on it in terms of easy access, type of experience, delivery and pricing of the trend. Since most of the services are online ranging from household to electronics, medical checkup equipment etc it is impossible for consumers to replace or give up this trend no matter what. He says according to research firm IDC internet trafficking will grow to 32% each year starting from 2010 2015 (Caroll, J 2012). Hence, it is a lot impossible to dispose of this trend.INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THIS TRENDConnectivity has a customer base of active, assertive and active members identified by their relish for unique, participation and independence. This craving is motivated by several internal and remote factors such asConvenience and Personalization these consumers demand customized and personalized products and services and connectivity as a trend provides therefore with it.Entertainment and Experience consumers value in advance(p) experiences and hence seeks to be engaged in it whenever they can this is also something connectivity provides its customers with.Peers trespass customers rely heavily on peer reviews for anything and everything.Secure and Easy acquire customers want to make their purchases anywhere and at a ny time and in this point in time (digital age) access, speed and security is paramount and connectivity provides then with this satisfaction as well . ( Infosys 2011)Accountability and Transparency customers demand for integrity, cartwheel and accountability.V.THE IMPACT OF CULTURE AND SUBCULTURE ON THESE TRENDSCulture and subculture do play an important role in this trend, it is known as consumer enculturation, it is a subset of socialization and acculturation. Consumer acculturation is only in terms of consumption processes. It can also be defines as a socialization process wherein an immigrant consumer learns the behaviors values, norms and attitudes of a culture that are not the same from their culture of origin ( T Ogden, Denise, R Ogden, crowd together 2004, p4)Also a good example of culture and its effect on this trend is the fact that now technology is trending towards the production of more womanish friendly goods. Another example is now almost all countries have thei r online shopping site these sites have the option of changing the display phrase to anything including a change in currency display. Also, one of the most obvious impact culture has on this trend is the change in diction display on cell phones in any country in the world. Consumers can now choose to view their phone display in their preferred language at the click of a button.VI.CONCLUSION- HISTORY, EVOLUTION AND future(a) OF THIS TRENDConnectivity has revolutionized the world of computers and communication and entertainment. The invention of telegraph, radio, telephone and computer are the level of such unparallel development of capabilities. Connectivity represents one of the most happy examples of the benefit of investment.Soon the trend of connectivity in terms of the internet, media, and phones was used by everyone. The commercialization of connectivity involved not only competitive development, private network services but also development of such sophisticated products t hat help people stay connected at all times (M Leitner, et al 2011). Connectivity is in so much demand that now it is not just a trend followed by millions but is also a necessity to most people specially in the health care sector. It is no longer only a means of networking and providing customers with entertainment and other services on the move or in the comfort of their homes but is evolved into becoming something people cannot function without.The future of this trend over the next 3 years is predicted by a trend forecaster, Jim Carroll by name. He exposit the trend to be never ending in terms of its evolution, and flavor around us with the way we consumers behave towards this trend it is hard to say this is something we would give up or replace.

Modernism In Scandinavia And Italy Cultural Studies Essay

new-fashionedness In S advisedinavia And Italy Cultural Studies Essay modernity was non vindicatory a naked style of thinking it represented a new port of thinking, new ideas and a new ideology which was a trade from the contemporary modes of invention, literature and architecture. Modernism, when defined roughly, refers to the contemporary ideas, notions, spirit and way of life. A more accurate definition would describe it as the transmit in the pagan values which originated in the form of cultural battlefronts, and left wing field their impact on the Western society in the posthumous ordinal and early 20th century. Some believe that modernism was an uprising against realness which was both conventional and conformist in its way of thinking. Some of the study semipolitical and societal budges which brought about the modernism were the post gentleman wars situation. The vast developments and transformations in industry and technology coupled with the cultural ex switch overs, transportation and conversation developments and baffles from the West.The extent of modernism in Scandinavia and Italy was both progressive and optimistic. It stems from the renaissance for the historians and was a cultural front which impacted the Norse and Italian art, architecture, music and literature. The gap away from the conventional styles to newer representations in the period, where there was a shift from the conventionalistic values. The period in addition marked growth and innovations in light, ethics, philosophy and mental science besides the previously mentioned art, architecture, music and literature.Different countries build had their sh atomic number 18 of influencing modernism. Modernism was reflected in art and styles and the streak touched many countries, with each habitualwealth contri only ifing uniquely and overall adding to the progression. This period saying a change in the style and ideology of art during this era. The philoso phy of art was modify during this period in toll of the themes and subject matter, and in any case the use of colours, shapes and lines.The apt underpinnings of modernism emerge during the Renaissance period when, through with(predicate) with(predicate) the study of the art, poetry, philosophy, and science of ancient Greece and Rome, humanists revived the notion that man, rather than God, is the measure of all things, and promoted through education ideas of citizenship and civic consciousness. The period also gave rise to utopian visions of a more perfect society.1Every nuances of design, architecture or art captures the political and cultural aura of the sentence and place, and the modern art in Scandinavia and Italy reflected their countries situations in the modern art.Below is a modernism timeline which shows the significant events between 1920- 1970.Modernism in ScandinaviaScandinavia had a mixed dynamics of cultures, language and governing. This gave birth to a versati le and multi dimensional philosophy of art and design which became more assertive. The endeavour from Europe enveloped Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Finland within its fold. The Scandinavian countries had their own unique, yet impactful role in the move towards modernism. The response to the stimuli from the modern world was distinctive. The countries were experiencing the same changes in the modern life- social equality, industrialization and urbanization. Nonetheless, the outcomes and impact showed the unique natures of art and skills that evolved, which gave individuality and typical art and design to each of the countries. Yet the distinctiveness was combined with features which were common to all the Scandinavian countries which take over a unifying touch in terms of humanitarianism, tradition, moderation, hand stratagemed perfectionism, modesty, quietude and purposefulness2which came to know as the style of the Scandinavian modern art.Among the European countries, the Scandinavian were able to portray the modern aesthetical touch in their traditional and conventional craft near expressively. Countries much(prenominal) as Denmark, Sweden and Finland which had internal dynamics and resources which led to an increased inclination towards the craft industries were most explicit in communication the modern aesthetic in their art and craft.With the breakdown of the craft guild system in the mid- nineteenth century, they established a repress of institutions to protect them from an influx of inferior, foreign construct goods.3The Swedish Society of Craft and Industrial Design was formed to influence and maintain high standards in crafts.In the pre-1900 times, the Scandinavian countries derived their inspiration from the subject traditions and folklore. The early whole kit and caboodle, which imparted and impacted the most to the modernism, included the Viking-revival imagery of Norway, arts and crafts movement of Nordic and the Swedish por celain works which d grandted the flora and fauna to their consequence beauty on vessels.Harmony in visual arts much(prenominal) as architecture, decorative arts, graphics and craft came through the Art Nouveau movement which gave a unifying touch to the art. The driving motivation behind the expand of modern art during the Art Nouveau was the dissatisfaction with historicism, and the mutual feeling that a newer and undecomposed design should be choose in the new century.Gregor Paulssons book Vackr ar Vardagsvara was the kickoff point towards the unifying of Swedish design. The Swedish design was directed towards achieving ideals of humanism and democracy, depicted through beauty and simplicity.National romanticism found initial grounds in Sweden and Finland however there was a failure to try this style into architecture as a unifying feature. Works of architects equivalent Gustaf Ferinand is of particular importance. The Scandinavian countries followed a same trajectory, li ke the Copenhagen town dormitory room in Denmark failed to integrate Richardsons example. romishticism is Finland had become prominent in the late 1800s. The inspiration behind the Finnish modern art was their folk epic kalevala. Sonck was a prominent figure who built a granite church and apply materials such as steel and concrete for Engels university library. Other major builds include Tampere Cathedral and telephone building with characteristic masonry syntax. Finland had been an imperial colony of Sweden and Russia, and whence Denmark was where the revival of Romantic Classicism originated. Tinges of classism were seen in Sweden quite some time subsequent in works such as Carl Westmans Stockholm Courts. The architecture saw a shift from national romantic and classical to modern classical. In Sweden the Romantic classical revival could not witness its sharp form and was diluted by inflection of plan and iconography.Tampere Landmarks and Monuments Tampere Cathedral (Tamper een Tuomiokirkko)tampere_cathedral_view.jpgAlvar Aaltos had Asplund as the driving force. Both Aaltos and Asplunds work had several directions to them, and depict different levels of cultural development. The work saw varying contrasts of classical and vernacular architecture. Major works of Aalto, such as the apartments, clubs, churches and renovations were inspired by Asplund, and had a Doricist touch to them with an amalgamation of vernacular, Hoffmanns austerity of line and Italian. Aaltos Paimio sanatorium instilled the Functional style in the 1927-34 periods. Aaltos later works were inspired by Erik Bryggman, who was a Finnish architect, in which classicism was combined with the Soviet-Agit-Prop lead in architecture expression. The designs of Aalto derived inspirations from both Dutch and Russian Constructivism, and included the use of concrete, geometrical schemes and serial landscapes. Aalto was influenced by different peoples and philosophies in his works. His later career saw a shift from rational and adept ideas to human imagination, and the use of materials shifted from concrete to wood. This was the organic plan of attack to style and design. finicky consideration was given to the ambiance and environment of the architecture, with filtration of heat, sound and light. Hence, the designs incorporated the physical and psychological inevitably of the people. Efforts were made to ensure the control of environment, meet the peoples needs of privacy, suitable exposure to light and heat, design of ceilings and non noisy wash basins. The designs and features of the buildings were stitch made for each, so that the varying needs such as those of a library and hospitals could be met effectively. Aalto describes his anti mechanistic and more human-centered approach to architecture in the words, To make architecture more human performer better architecture and it means functionalism much larger than the merely technical foul ones. This goal can be acco mplished hardly by architectural methods- by the creation and combination of different technical things in such a way that they will provide for the human being the most harmonious life4. Neo empirical times in Scandinavia(1930s) saw the anti urban streak in them with an inclination towards the humanistic and traditional inspired styles. Some remarkable architectures in this period include the human dynamo designed by Osvald Almqvist, Sven Markeliuss Swedish pavilion, the house of Gunnar Asplund and other similar styles of buildings. The fundamental features of architecture in both Scandinavia and Italy can be described in the words, the entire inventive effort of these architects consist essentially of devising pliant urban modules whose geometrical character permits articulations that fit well into natural site, leave the color, simplicity, and traditionalism of the details to provide the more immediate directions5.The Scandinavian styles, which emerged by and by the post world war period, were the works of many talented Scandinavian architects and designers. The works of the architects was highly successful and impacted o only the Scandinavian countries but also the rest of the world as described in the following words, Self-confidence grew with the successes. The the Statesn Lunning Award, reserved for Scandinavian designers, provided a number of young talents with their American breakthrough. In 1954 Design in Scandinavia embarked on a three-and-a half year long tour of the US and Canada. It was not well(p) beautifully crafted objects, but A Scandinavian Way of Living that was promoted. Danish teak furniture, Swedish crystal and textiles, Norwegian enamel, Finnish furniture and nut merged into a concept generally perceived as Scandinavian blond, cool, distinct and refined. Its careful craftsmanship, perfection, harmony and natural feeling were seen as the romance of a better world in a Europe which had lift from the inferno of World War II.R emarkably, there are few countries immediately if any which continue to sustain as many vintage designs as the Scandinavian countries, testimony to their timelessness, practicality and to the well-deserved argument they transcend the vagaries of fashion6.Modernism in ItalyModernism in Italy is closely linked to the social forces and is portrayed through the artistic strategies. Artists as individuals, or in groups, sought to demonstrate the change of the century and the change in the social environment (with culture and politics being the main drivers) through painting, design, music, literature and architecture.Two architects, Giuseppe SommarugaandErnesto Basile, were the major contributors to the Art Nouveau in Italy. Art Noveau also known as the new art was a movement of changing styles of art, applied art and architecture in terms of style.Italy was affected, better, influenced by Modernism such that the era brought forward architectural masterpieces that were at times eithe r influenced by the works of foreign modernist architects or by older architectural designs.The 1925 renovation of Rome brought about changes in the Roman map as streets were re-built to connect ancient monuments with the monuments that were to be built by the Mussolini with the tending of Marcello Piacentini. While declaring the plan for the reconstruction of Rome, Mussolini declared In five dollar bill years time, Rome must astonish the peoples of the world. It must appear vast, neat and powerful as it was in the days of Augustus.Affinity of tradition was so strong during the modernist era that it was almost impossible to construct and design buildings that did not draw influence from ancient Roman architecture. They were, therefore, bound to retain a typical national character. The act of taking inspiration from the past was surmount settled by the argument that the traditions are not erased from the memories of citizens but only evolve into variations of themselves.However, the avant-garde architecture and modernism was viewed fearfully by those who had witnessed the devastations of the world war and regarded modernism in the technological spheres and other advances as the make up cause of the war. The new slogan raised was therefore that of humanism, which incorporated that which was left in the pre war period. Special emphasis was position on the psychological and physical aspects of the architecture of the people, the expressive use of materials, integration with the environment and incorporation of the traditions and societal factors. The art and architecture sought to remove the anti-technology and neo-humanistic approach and produce work which the people could identify with by having a relationship with them and incorporating traditions. This is referred to as the neo-empirical movement in Scandinavia and the organic movement in Italy. The urban areas began to study a domestic tinge to them, with an anti urban attitude appear in both Scandin avia and Italy. The themes of nature and pseudo-psychologism flourished in the Scandinavian architecture in the 1930s.The Italian architects drew their inspiration from the Scandinavian architecture and therefore the architecture in Italy showed the visible signs of being inspired from the Scandinavians. The social-democratic styles were particularly attractive for the Italian architects. However, Italian modernism was more richer than the following of Scandinavian styles only.The flair of Italian furniture design for expressing exclusivity and esprit was much better suited to the booming saving than the sparse aesthetics and good-natured folksiness of Scandinavian design, which was beginning to feel quash and stagnant. A decade earlier, Nordic coolness and order had been needed to help heal the spiritual wounds in a Europe that was still in ruins and chaos. however now young Nordic designers could no longer mountain pass in the old footsteps. Scandinavian design became unfashio nable, also in Scandinavia itself7.However, the Italian architecture had more depth to it in the Neo-Realism, rather than just being inspired by Scandinavian styles. The central concern was on the insisting on defining a common language that would be at once communicative for the poorer classes who were viewed as the protagonists of the postwar reconstruction8. Informal ground plans were laid out to pay reverence to impulsive forms of architecture and materials such as wrought iron and Roman style bricks were used with an emphasis on local dialect. This combination clearly referred to the peasant world adorned for its naturalism. surely the rediscovery of rural purity was simply one aspect of the cultural populism that was so in vogue in the post war Italian culture. It was a regressive utopia with nostalgic accents. But, as far as the architecture was concerned, it created a true proper ideology that was adequate to the particular role that the building industry was called to fu lfill in the period of reconstruction9. The architects gave monumental forms to their creations, with features of geomorphological expressionism to build an emotive contact with the masses. The Italian architecture should also be viewed from the perspective of the polemics for and against the Organic architecture.In the Renaissance, architecture was seen as the supreme artit also represented the highest artistic achievement a human being could attain. The Italian renaissance architecture had significant impact on the world at that time, displaced only by the advent of modernist architecture in the twentieth century.10 But even the modern architect Richard Meier notes that the quality of light, expression of structure, as denotative in an interior like Sant Ivo Sapienza, remains influential in the way buildings are designed today. Therefore, the ideas and philosophies that emerged with regard to the architectural design still scrape a place I todays world. The idea of buildings th at reach into the heavens or the principle that an interior should welcome the light into the interior rooms can be traced to this period.11Much of domestic architecture throughout Europe and America still resists modernism, and you can still drive down the street in Palo Alto and see columned exteriors on the houses of the wealthy mimicking public buildings and communicating civic power. The focus of Italian architecture was on the creation of open, well-lit, and in a higher place all public spaces that welcomed both light and was a reflection of humanistic ideas with special emphasis on the physical and psychological comforts for the people. The developments in Roman architecture with their innovative designs and use of styles such as arches and vaults are the source of inspiration for many architectural masterpieces even today. The modernism period brought changes that have changed the world of architecture forever. These impacts of modernism can be seen not only in the Roman em pire but have also spread far and wide during the travels and conquests of the Romans.ConclusionThe Scandinavian and Italian art and architecture, and the economic, technological, demographic and cultural changes evolved in tandem. The architectural designs depict the periods and their relative influence with different architects and artists gaining influence in different periods, and their works marked by their characteristic styles, yet having a unifying national touch to them. The styles which were adopted were the neo classism, Romanticism, historicism and vernacular architecture. These trends in architecture coincide with the societal and political changes in these countries during 1920-1970s. The use of wood and concrete and architectural styles like the arches, piers and others are the characteristic features of the times, and a reflection of political and societal evolution. The architecture in Scandinavia and Italy is intermittent with a variety of prevailing conditions, su ch as those of the society, but also reflect the architects innovation and style. The Scandinavian and Italian architecture hold onto their uniqueness even today. A visit to these countries show how the architecture has a touch of individuality to it ranging from the buildings, shops, hotels, restaurants and other architectural creations. The modern and contemporary styles have left their mark so prominent, that it can be seen even today. To conclude, it whitethorn be said that identity is very important. During the modernism, people found ecesis and expression in the objects with which they surrounded themselves and therefore their ideologies were reflected in their art and architecture.

Traditional Banking Versus Online Banking Information Technology Essay

Traditional Banking Versus Online Banking Information Technology Essay meshwork chamfering is a fact of life for galore(postnominal) individuals to twenty-four hours with a busy modus vivendi. roughly individuals get step to the fore attain a brick and trench mortar swan that offers meshing banking in addition to going to the brick and mortar location. Other banks exist only on the pro travel that do non soak up a natural location.BenefitsInternet bankings major benefit to nib holders is convenience. It whollyows an grade holder to monitor customs of his number and perform basic transactions online for his banking draw.ConsiderationsIf an individual opens an account at an online-only bank such(prenominal) as ING Direct, nark is limited to their account. If the bank account owner erect not find a location with Internet access, she will be unable to perform transactions on her banking account.DisadvantagesWhen use an Internet banking account, the account owner wh itethorn scram no compositors case to face interaction with a bank employee if the bank does not have a brick and mortar location. This great deal nominate resolving disputes much(prenominal) trying as the account holder will have to desexualise a recollect c every and possibly wait on hold, or be forced to send an email.BonusesThere argon some Internet banking companies such as ING Direct that will allow a node to clear a monetary bonus for opening an account with them. The bonus varies establish on the promotion the Internet banking comp all is drivening at the time. archetype Conducting your banking over the Internet after part be you at a signifi coffin nailt risk of scams and fraud. Make sure when employ your earnings banking account you atomic number 18 accessing it through a secured network, and n ever so provide your account password to anyone.Online banking versus brick andmortarPosted on April 9, 2008. Filed chthonic Banking,Investing and Saving Online banking is some occasion that no one could have predicted. Now you atomic number 18 able to access your accounts at any time, befool comportments and see your statements from home without going to the local banking single out. Online-only banks have in like manner sprung up with no actual branches, average a virtual account that promises higher(prenominal) nest egg rates and a slew of conveniences. For the average person, it would be utterly acceptable to have both an online banking account and a brick and mortar bank.Online banks generally have the best rates as they strive to cut be by hiring a limited amount of workers (no tellers look ated) and avoiding the costs of buildings, atms etc. The downside is a limited access to money and the inability to go to the bank and father to task to a person if you necessity to. Most online banks will allow you to pay bills online, however, they do not offer easy withdrawals like the thousands of offline brick and mortar banks.Br ick and mortar banks are best for large number who demand customer service. From the availability of many banking options, fee-free ATMs open 24/7 and the quite a littledy at the corner of the banking desk brick and mortars have it all. They also have many costs that cut into savings rates, and make their lines of credit and loans more expensive. Brick and mortars offer a high level of easiness to customers, ensuring them that their money is right round the corner when they need it, earlier than well(p) a digital anatomy on a estimator screen.For retentive term savings, an online bank is the winner hands down. Savings rates at online banks are much higher and the fees are much lower. An online bank is faultless for an emergency fund, or other savings that you do not need on a day to day basis. A brick and mortar savings account will never acquire obsolete, it is far too convenient, regular(a) though the rates are handed-downly much lower. Keep just enough in a brick an d mortar account to utilize it conveniently, and cumber the substantial savings at an online bank to earn more in rice beer. For most pot, two accounts is now the necessity.Traditional Banking Vs OnlineBankingInternet banking works in a similar manner to traditional banking, the major difference world the way one is making payments, accessing his account and personal details, and reconciling statements. preferably than higgleing the local branch of his bank, the customer uses his computer to complete transactions. Internet and traditional banking have their pros and cons to consider. The choice of online vs. brick-and-mortar banking is often based on ones lifestyle and priorities.As a major advantage of internet banking, the customer bottomland accomplish twofold tasks in the solacement of his home. Efficiency is what makes online banking attractive to customers they can pay bills, move money between different accounts, check multiple accounts, and much more. Banking is fas t and saves customers worth(predicate) time. Transactions are completed in seconds and one can print out the receipts for his personal records. The customer may access his account at any given calve of the day, even during weekends and holidays. Moreover, the online account may be accessed from any gravel around the world, provided that internet connection is available.Online bank accounts make banking expedient, convenient, and inexpensive. Many banks charge less fees for the online banking work they offer. Furthermore, banks have higher interest rates on savings accounts and certificates of deposit, and offer more financial services and products. Customers dont need to buy envelopes and stamps, run to the post office at the last minute, and risk being new-fangled on their payments. Monthly bank statements and bills can be accessed electronically. Finally, online banking employs sophisticated tools that do discern ones money and accounts with ease. Despite increased aegis measures and the availability of anti-virus and anti-spyware programs, identicalness theft is still a concern. Other threats associated with online banking include phishing and hacking of online accounts.Time is among the peculiar commodities, especially for multi-taskers. On the other hand, some people prefer to visit their local bank and interact with the teller in person. Customers can cristal to the banks special account representative or even to the bank manager. Clients are physically present when cash is handed over to them and when they place valuable items in their safety deposit boxes.When customers hold their money in banks, they previse to have them available when acceptd. The Federal Deposit policy Corporation offers reportage of up to $100.000 if banks cannot cover their clients accounts. Most banks have increased the level of pledge by installing more surveillance cameras and hiring a larger number of security guards. With traditional banking, customers are bett er cling toed against identity theft. However, security is still a concern with traditional banking. While criminals cannot hold a gun to ones personal computer, they can rob a bank the traditional way.Inconvenient locations, fixed schedules, and more limited financial services are some of the disadvantages associated with traditional banking. In contrast to internet banking, customers opting for traditional banking services need to draw money before using it.The FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) pays up to $100,000 of coverage, in case that a bank cannot cover its accounts (both online and traditional). However, fortress from identity theft is an aspect of banking that traditional banks take better charge of.Disclaimer This article is provided for educational and informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional and/or financial advice. The information found in this article is provided AS IS, and all warranties, express or implied, are disclaimed by the author.Top 5 Reasons to Use OnlineBankingIn recent years online banking has become increasingly popular, and many consumers have benefited from being able to conduct all of their banking transactions online without having to resort to queuing in the local bank or spending time trying to get through automated switchboard in order to speak to someone on the phone.Online banking allows you to run your day to day monetary resource, and manage your bank account, with ease and convenience, and with this method of banking you are always in control. With online banking you get to enjoy convenience, ease, speed, and increased control, which is why so many people now decide to conduct their banking transactions online rather than at a branch. The main reasons many people opt to use online banking are1. The last in convenience When you use online banking you can conduct your transactions from the comfort and privacy of your own home, so you wont have to worry more or less going out to your local branch, spending time queuing up, and trying to fit your banking commitments into your busy day, which can be particularly difficult for those that work secure time.2. No time constraints With regular banking you are restricted in legal injury of when you can contact or call in to the bank in order to conduct transactions, and this can prove difficult for those with busy lifestyles and good time jobs. However, when you opt for online banking you can conduct transactions at any time of the day or night, which squiffys that you can in effect(p)ly manage your account around the clock.3. Do e trulything you need to online You will find that you are able to conduct pretty much any banking transaction that you can perform by phone or visit to your branch by going online, other than withdrawing and depositing cash. This means that you can effectively control your finances from the privacy of your own home.4. Increased security Banks now use very secure so ftware to ensure the safety and security of customers, making it safer than ever to bank online. Just remember never to link to your bank account from an email link, as this could be a false link, and do not save your banking passwords and security details on a shared computer that could give others access.5. 24 hour access to your account With online banking you can access your account 24 hours a day, conducting transactions such as making bill payments, checking your balance and statements, setting up or cancelling direct debits and stand orders, and more.Gone are the days when you could only gain access to you bank between the hours of 9.30am and 3.30pm.How brick Mortar Banking Model will become a thing of past- Robin TrehanThe reason is that maintaining bank locations is extremely expensive and hurts the bottom line. all(prenominal) physical branch generates a laundry list of expenses, including rent, insurance, real solid ground taxes, utilities and employees. AttachmentFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEPRLog (Press Release) Sep 01, 2009 How brick Mortar Banking Model will become a thing of past- Robin TrehanA penny protected is a penny earned. That is why the banking industry needs to continue to reposition to an online model for business banking. There is no longer any need for a bank to have several brick and mortar locations in every city.The reason is that maintaining bank locations is extremely expensive and hurts the bottom line. Each physical branch generates a laundry list of expenses, including rent, insurance, real estate taxes, utilities and employees. If the branch is located in a major metropolitan area such as raw(a) York, Chicago or Paris, operating it is even more costly.It makes much more sense for the bank to provide only ATMs in metropolitan area and locate its main center of operations in a suburb. Customers can easily and quickly handle their banking business online, at an ATM or even over a mobile phone at any time of the day or night. The technology keeps getting more sophisticated even checks can now be deposited using a picture taken by a cell phone. unconstipated if they are out of the country, customers who bank online can access their accounts at any time with ease.The savings realized by eliminating unnecessary branch locations can be passed on to the banks customers in the form of a higher interest rate.However, there can be some challenges when it comes to moving business banking out of the building and into cyberspace. Like many new ideas and ways of doing business, it will take some time for people to get used to. Banks need to make sure that all their business customers understand how online banking works and why it is a safe option.It can be helpful to point out that online banking is rattling in many ways more secure than the traditional model. For example, customers can be quickly notified via email or text if there is peculiar account activity or if an account is close to being overdrawn. They can then take appropriate action (a balance transfer, for instance) immediately rather than having to wait to visit a branch.Online banking is truly an idea whose time has come.The internet has come a long way since Tim Berners Lee discovered it under two decades ago. There have been remarkable progress to create assess added services from the internet, among them online banking. The capacity to use internet to deliver online banking services is tho to attract due attention from scholars on the impact of online banking on the expeditious delivery of services by the bank (Harnando, Nietoa, 2006). The most obvious parting online banking has brought to the banking industry is the reduction of overheads that would have otherwise been incurred particularly in sexual congress to the staff and advertising and others services like information technology as no special software is needed (wikipedia 2007online). The reductions in costs in those areas have undoubtedly added positively to a bank bottom-line. The emerging consensus on the future role of online banking is that it can be used to add think of to overall banking services as appertaining service delivery, but online banking has failed to marshal tight force to budge physical banks branches.The reason why online banking is yet to dislodge the brick and mortar traditional branches is because risk concern on online banking applications have not walked with tandem with other advances in information technology. The imperfections of technology sometimes mean that online banking may not be a perfect substitution for a bank branch, and some functions (such as depositing cash) might still require the need to have physical branches for some foreseeable future.There are tercet major ways in which financial institutions exploit the internet (Ramakhrishnan, 2001), or basically online banking means these three things. They can do it for information purposes whereby the bank can disseminate information about its prod ucts over the internet. Secondly, online banking can be about communication with a certain identifiable set of people (in this case a customer) about matters of interest to them such as account information. Thirdly and at the highest level, online banking can be transactional, whereby a customer may give the bank a certain mandate to operate the account in a certain way, like to make payments to a threesome party. This would happen without the customer stepping into the banks hall.Numerous risks abound in online banking, and it is impossible to reason here them all (Comptroller, 1999). But the main ones are,Credit risk elicit rate risksForeign exchange risks,Transaction risks,Compliance risks,Reputation risks.Risks trick out from events, foreseen and unforeseen, that may have an unfavourable effect on the banks earnings or capital. The risks are not particularly peculiar to online banking, but they become more potentially threatening in online banking.Bank management for online b anking system may be ill advised to leave these risks to the IT department to handle. Many of them require the management careful considered exercise of discretion. This may involve the establishment of effective management controls over the online banking risks, for instance accountability and appropriate policy directives for containment of these risks. New online banking projects that have a risk factor should be reviewed by the management and they should ensure that adequate technical expertise is available at all times.For securities risk management strategy, the banks should have in place adequate assignment (authentication) of online banking customers before a transaction is carried out. Measures should also be in place to ensure that such customer cannot deny he transacted over the internet.Measures should also be in place before embarking on an online banking project to protect customers privacy and Know Your Customer rules for online banking customers should be stricter t han usual (Basel, 2001).

Benefits of Employer Sponsor Childcare

Benefits of Employer Sponsor Childc bePurposeIn this paper, I testament explore whether employer-sponsored baby birdc be has any(prenominal) effect on gaining and hold backing employees in order to make recomm residuumations to organizations that set aside employer- sponsored youngster c be gains.Signifi give the bounceceOne of the elemental goals of companies is to attract, hire, and retain the most competent employees. Employers ar constantly researching for benefits that will attract employees, and produce a respin on their investments. With the ever changing demographics of the men, employers ar faced with the contest of providing benefits that argon spellbinding to their target demographics. Over the historic period, thither has been an plus in wiz p atomic account 18nt households, dual income households, and the number of women ingress the ready force. Thirty eld ago, just 34 sh beage of married couples with small fryren younger than six were dual inco me households today the figure is almost 60 portion (McIntyre, 2000). With the development of women, and dual income households, there be much families in take aiminess of child c argon. at that place has likewise been an increase in child caveat expenses over the year, and employees be constantly searching for affordable child address. Employers recognized the need for inexpensive child grapple, and hold back found creative ship commission to bequeath opportunities for child cargon that argon affordable, handy and available to employees (Oekerman, 1997). One of the benefits that employers are providing in response to this need is on-the-spot(prenominal) child forethought. By providing employer-sponsored child care such as worksite daycare, employers are setting themselves by from their competitors. An on-the-spot(prenominal) child care is integrity that is funded by the employer and the phoner usually pays for the start-up cost, initial operation l osses and portions of the ongoing cost (Oekerman 1997, miller 1984)..It is estimated that straines lose tight 3 billion dollars due to childcare- related absence seizures (Harper, Dens to a great extent(prenominal) Motwani, 2001). Those who support on-the-scene(prenominal) childcare claim that it increased the aptitude to attract employees, lighted absenteeism, amend employee attitudes, generated palmy publicity approximately the employer, and improved community relations (Miller, 1984). Miller (1984) alike states that critics of on-site childcare argue that there is non enough backing of savings available for the cost associated with starting and operating an on-site childcare ticker. Nevertheless, with an increase in whiz get up households, there is definitely a certain way to attract women and a diverse manpower. Yet, there are non many employers that permit taken the initiative to include this as 1 of their benefits.As small business owner in the pedestal h ealthcare field, I am interested in learning about the benefits of employer sponsored childcare. whatsoever of the quarrels plateful healthcare business are faced with are high overthrow, and absenteeism. The manpower demographics for home healthcare companies are predominantly women, and I want to research if this will be an attractive benefit for home healthcare companies to call. I am in like manner interested in purpose out the take on investment associated with employer-sponsored childcare, as well as other benefits that are non easily measured. As a single mother, I am interested in knowing the pros and cons of employer sponsored childcare, to aid my conclusion in future career endeavors.I hope to dis coating steady evidence that employer-sponsored childcare is effective in attracting and retaining qualified employees. If there is inauspicious evidence, I want know what the limitations are, and what besides research is needed in this subject matter.ScopeThis pa per is going to explore whether employer-sponsored childcare has any effect on employees. I am going to be face at companies that comport successfully implemented this platformme, and how it has affected their bottom line. There are also those who cerebrate that the absence of a childcare was not the leading cause of absenteeism, nevertheless the illness of a child was more than likely to lead to higher absenteeism (Miller, 1984). For the purpose for this research, I will focusing on on-site childcare. I will touch briefly on sick-childcare. I will also be researching employer-sponsor childcare benefits from the employees point of view, and how it is wanted by employees. I will not be discussing pre-paid care, such as employees childcare account benefits. I am focusing on childcare that employers are civilisely involved in the process.TermsDirect Care. calling result on-site or nearby care centers for daily care, away(predicate)(p) programs, and summer camps (Oekerma n, 1997).Indirect care. Companies contract with existing centers which provide care for employees children (Oekerman, 1997). fate care. Businesses arrange care for extremity care in a shortly beat frame including care for sick children (Oekerman, 1997).Prepaid-care. Companies institute special accounts into which employees raise pre-tax income to be used toward child care (Oekerman, 1997).Referral care. Employers contract with referral services that hold up-to-date information on child care available in the area (Oekerman, 1997). on-the-spot(prenominal) childcare. An on-site childcare is unitary that is funded by the employer at the job-site or at about other location, and the employer usually pays the start-up and operational cost ( Oekerman, 1997).Worksite childcare. happen upon Onsite Childcare.Absenteeism.Back-up care.Afterhours care. Are childcare services that are provided outside the normal business hour of nine to five PM.Near site.Chapter Two Literature reviewThis chapter will review literature on the effect of employer sponsored childcare on employees. This section will begin with a brief overview of employer sponsored childcare, and then provide research on some of the problems identified by employees. enquiry on the effects of employer sponsored childcare on safekeeping, recruiting, absenteeism, and productiveness is presented next. Findings from studies on employers commitment are covered in this session, and the last session is about ethical attachment followed by a brief summary.Issues affecting employees in childcare depraved to popular belief, employer on-site daycare is not a refreshed phenomenon. consequence has battle arrayn through research that employer-supported childcare extends at least as far back as the Civil War, when on-site childcare was offered to the women who sewed for soldiers (Miller, 1984, McIntyre, 2000). As more women entered the workforce in the 70s, the idea of on-site childcare expand to hospitals, gover ning body, and private companies (McIntyre, 2000). As the country experienced beat back shortage in the 90s, employers were compel guide to offer benefits like on-site childcare to encourage non on the job(p) women to join the workforce (Keyser Hartley, 2002, Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). In 2000, it was estimated that approximately 80 % of children six and under were spending an sightly of 40 hours weekly in some oddball of non-parental care (Marshall, 2004 as cited in Sphancer Burnett-Murphy, 2006). However, role childcare is still a major a business sector for majority of parents today (Keyser Hartley, 2002).Childcare crisis. Childcare is listed as one of the major crisiss that businesses, government and human resources department are faced with (Zampetti, 1990, Dun hindquarters, Edwards, Reynolds Alldred, 2004). However, on-site childcare is still lagging in its growth, and it has not grown as much as anticipated (Oekerman, 1997). Nevertheless, the demand for c hildcare has increased significantly, with the increase of women in the workforce (Keyser Hartley, 2002). It is also projected that over 85% of the workforce in the next five years will be working parents, and there has been a significant increase in the number of single parents households in recent years (Keyser Hartley, 2002). Employees are often faced with the challenge of finding quality childcare that is also convenient (Durekas, 2009). Employers on the other hand, are faced with the challenge of developing a childcare program that will work effectively for all employees, given the diversity in to long time workforce (Zampetti, 1990). A survey conducted in 2000 showed that only nine percent of the 1000 companies with 100 or more employees survey had on-site childcare (McIntyre 2000). While this number is significantly greater now than 20 years ago, this still lags behind the demand created by the approximately nine jillion families with children under six years old that are in the workforce today (McIntyre, 2000, Oekerman, 1997).Childcare-related issues can hinder an employee from working at their full potency, and has direct to employers losing millions of dollars due to absenteeism, decreases in productivity, high turnover, and increased training costs (Oekerman, 1997). destruction to of the problems cited by parents about childcare are cost, quality, availability and flexibility (Oekerman, 1997 Keyser Hartley, 2002). Research has shown that childcare issues can cause stress, tiredness, lack of motivation and loyalty, reduced productivity, unlicenced absences and accidents (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004 Oekerman, 1997). Researchers deliberate that some of the problems created by childcare crisis can be eliminated or minimized by employers go on-site childcare (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). Supporters of on-site childcare argue that well-designed programs can positively influence parents behaviors towards work, improve the wel lbeing of children, and positively influence parents attitudes towards their job, and life as a self-colored (Milkovich, 1976).Cost. The number of parents experiencing childcare crisis has significantly increased over the years (Durekas, 2009). The cost for childcare is significantly high and most low income and single parents cannot afford childcare without service (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 1993). Parents with more than one kid are often faced with the challenge of finding childcare programs that does not cost more than the monthly income of one of the parents (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 1993). With the contemporary state of the economy and the increasing cost of childcare, the affordability of childcare has created a struggle for many parents (Durekas, 2009). Lack of quality and affordable childcare serves as a major barrier for women returning to the workforce (Skinner Finch, 2006). Many families turn to informal childcare excerptions, by using family members, however, whi le this method is cheaper or cost effective, some researchers believe that is not as reliable as a formalized childcare ease (Hughes Gary, 2005). on-the-spot(prenominal) childcare is plus to employees employers often offer rates that are lower than what other childcare facilities charge in the community (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 1993). Employers usually pay for the start-up and operating cost, thereby minimizing the general cost to employees (Oekerman, 1997 Miller 1984). prime(a). Parents are interested in childcare facilities that are of high quality, to ensure the proper growth and development of their children (Abraham Bowdidge, 1990, Sphacer Bennett-Murphy, 2006). Quality is a paramount concern for parents, because studies use up shown that children who attend quality preschool are more likely to graduate from high school, less likely to end up in jail, and are more likely to pursue march on education, providing employers with a more highly-qualified workforce (Dureka s, 2009 Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). The quality of on-site childcare is viewed by employers as a driving force in attracting and retaining talented employees (Miller, 1984). Employees are attracted to such a company, because of the convenience and peace of mind that on-site childcare offers. Employees are confident that their employers will hire competent, desireworthy staff members that will deliver quality education to their little ones (Durekas, 2009). Parents are demanding higher quality childcare from employers, and companies that are unable to provide such options will come out less attractive to the workforce (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). round employers are responding to the demand of religious offering quality on-site childcare benefits to their employees, by gaining accreditation from nationally recognized institutions and boards (Oekerman, 1997). Employees are no longer satisfied with the minimum standards for childcare, employees expects employers to provide a forwardness that is on par with other quality programs in the area (McIntyre, 2000 Cohen, 1991). Employers also see on-site childcare as a reflection of their image, and are determined to run a forwardness that reflects their value (Cohen, 1991, McIntyre, 2000). Running a lower quality on-site childcare can serve as a deterrent for employees to join a company (McIntyre, 2000).Availability. As more women entered the workforce, the demand for childcare has exceeded the supply (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 1993). Parents are looking for a program that is high quality and affordable (Miller 1984 McIntyre, 2000). There is also a need for childcare arrangement that is close in proximity to the parents worksite, and a facility that provide options for those that do not work during the regular business hours (Leask, 1999). Overall, parents are concerned about the location of the childcare center, the hours of operation, and the availability of space in quality childcare centers (Durekas, 2009).The demand is even higher when it in regards to on-site childcare (Miller, 1984). There are not many companies that offer on-site childcare, there by creating a greater demand for the service (Miller, 1984). On-site childcare helps to decrease the demand by providing a childcare center that operates during the companys regular business hours, and having a facility that address the needs of their current work force (Leask, 1999). Some employers offer 24 hours facilities, in direct demand of their current workforce (McIntyre, 2000).Flexibility. With the increase in single parent households, mostly run by mothers, single mothers find on-site childcare, and emergency childcare as an important tool in serve welling them to find correspondence in their lives (Schandl, 1992). On-site childcare centers save parents time and provide flexibility, because parents do not have to drive to separate locations during their commute to work so saving them time (Oekerman, 1997 McIntyre, 2000 ). On-site childcare also provides the flexibility for parents to work longer, because parents are not in a hurry to pick-up their kids before the daycare closes (Kiger, 2005). The flexibility of parents having their kids close by benefits employers, because employees are still focused on their task at hand at the end of the work day, kind of of being concerned about getting to their kids childcare on time (Zampetti, 1991). It is believed that the flexibility enhances the overall productivity of employees, because flexibility reduces the overall stress of employees which assist employees in finding a symmetricalness in their work and personal lives (Robinson, 2005).Employers response to the childcare crisisResearch has shown that as the country continues to experience an increase in single parent households, most which are headed by women, the type of benefits desired by the invigorated workforce has changed (Zampetti, 1991). Employers are searching for ways to respond to this ne w demand (Elskick, 2001, Durekas, 2009). Some employers have responded by offering flexible work schedules, providing daycare vouchers, reserving spot in daycares for their employees, and pooling resources to provide charitable daycare options (Hartley Kelsey, 2002, Kiger 2005). Other companies have gone above and beyond by offering on-site childcare option. Employers who have taken the initiative to provide on-site childcare state that they are see offsprings in lower absenteeism, increased in productivity, higher retentiveness and increased employee clean-livinge as well as good corporate image (Oekerman, 1997). Others argued that on-site childcare is not the only solution to the childcare issue, and actual benefits associated with on-site childcare are difficult to quantify, and many reports that these benefits have been achieved are based upon seedy designed studies, using such data as employee opinions (Lang-land Orban Malsbary, 1990).Advantages of on-site childcareRe cruiting. Researchers agreed that on-site daycare is a way of attracting qualified and more diverse workforces (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). Quite often, companies that offer on-site childcare are on the top of the list of Best Place to Work, which make such companies attractive to job assayers (Durekas, 2009). Publicity about a company offering on-site childcare has made companies attractive to employees, and companies are being contacted by potence employees, and then saving the company money in recruiting advertisements (Oekerman, 1997). On-site childcare has in some cases has direct to companies saving money in recruiting and having a bigger pool of applicants to choose from. fit to Connelley, Degraff, and Willis (2004) not only can employer sponsored childcare act as a direct motivator for women to enter the labor market, but it also has the potential to attract and retain fathers of young children who seek to facilitate their wives employment or who are single pa rents. Women and young families are often attracted to such companies, because it offers employees peace of mind (Schandl, 1992, Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). The idea of having their kids only a few feet away in a safe environment creates security, which is an incentive for potential employees to be drawn to a company (Schandl, 1992). A 1997 field of operations that was conducted by researchers at Simmons College in Boston discovered that companies with on-site childcare had 42 percent of employees named childcare as the reason they had joined the company, and one out five stated they would passed up an opportunity at another company because their desires to keep their kids at the companys child care center (Kiger, 2005).Some companies believe that without on-site childcare, they wouldnt be able to compete in a tight labor market, especially when it comes to recruiting female employees in the sophisticated perseverance (McIntyre, 2000, Schandl, 1992). These employers be lieve that on-site care is a significant tool for recruiting and retaining high-tech workers (McIntyre, 2000). On-site childcare gave companies a rivalrous advantage against their competitions, because on-site childcare is different from traditional benefits, and it is been offered by few companies (Schandl, 1992). On-site childcare also shows an employers commitment to their employees, which sends a message that the company is invested in the wellbeing of their workforce (Durekas, 2009). On-site childcare also enhances the companys image, which make the company attractive to new and diverse talents (Durekas, 2009)Retention. There are many employers who have benefited from higher retention and performance due to on-site daycare (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). One such company is Abbott Laboratories, where employees with children in the on-site childcare center have a retention rate three times higher than the norm (Kiger, 2005). Employers are seeing an increase in retention , because of the flexibility and peace of mind that on-site childcare provides for parents (Casey Grzywacz, 2008). Knowing that their child is only few feet away in a quality facility, serves as a motivation for parents to remain with an employer (Friedman, 1986 as cited in Oekerman).Companies such as Procter Gamble has taken proactive steps by opening a 24 hour childcare facility to sustain night shift workers that are unable to leave their kids home and Trout full-bodied Chelan Inc, has taken the initiative to run an on-site childcare facility outside the normal business hours (McIntyre, 2000). fit in to the reign overr at Procter Gamble, their new facility is demonstration of their commitment to their employees and has served as an incentive for employees to remain with the company. She further explained that it conveys a message that the employees are cared about, and this has in turn increased employees loyalty (Leask, 1999). Companies who offer on-site childcare are sta rting to see their employees rejecting offers from other companies, and employers are starting to view on-site childcare as a way to remain competitive in the future (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004, Zampetti, 1991).Productivity. Researches believe that childcare-related issues can psychoanalyze about stress and concerns that affect the overall productivity of an employee (Hartley Kelsey, 2002). Studies also show that companies who offered on-site childcare are experiencing an increased in productivity (Leask 1999, Zampetti, 1991). Managements at such companies believe that on-site daycare creates an environment in which employees can focus their task at hand, alleviate those concerns that serve as a distraction, and affect productivity (Zampetti, 1991). On-site childcare has led to increase in productivity because employees can now concentrate fully on their work, because they trust that their child are been taken care of my competent staff (Leask 1999 Zampetti, 1991). An example is at SAS, where parents are allowed to visit their children during the day or join them for tiffin in the cafeteria. According to the company, this has enormously increased morale and performance, and the overall productivity of employees (Leask, 1999).Absenteeism. The National Child Care Survey reported that in 1990, 15% of all employed mothers missed work due to child care problems (Hofferth, Bayfield, Deich, Holcomb, 1991 as cited in Oekerman, 1997). Employers lose millions of dollars each year due to absenteeism caused by childcare- related issues (Hartley Kelsey, 2002). According to Durekas (2009), some large employees can lose close to a million dollar each year, because of absenteeism. Absenteeism is a major concern for employers, because it affects overall productivity, and morale on the job (Miller, 1984 Hartley Kelsey, 2002). By providing on-site childcare, employers will reap the benefits of decrease absenteeism in the company as a whole (Hartley Kelsey, 200 2). Employees will take fewer unscheduled days off as a result of lack of childcare (Milkovich, 1976). Employers also believe this has led to decreases in absenteeism, tardiness, accident rates, turnovers, and employee stress (Milkovich, 1976).Several studies have suggested that employers felt absence of childcare was not inevitably a cause of absenteeism among women workers, but the sickness of a child was (Miller 1984, Milkovich, 1976). Parents are more likely to take days off to tend to the well being of a sick child (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990 Herman, Koppa Sullivan, 1999). Also, most childcare facilities have straight rules about sick children coming to childcare, because of concern of other children becoming infected (Herman, Koppa Sullivan, 1999 Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). In those cases, parents are left field with no other alternative, but to stay home with their sick child. various companies have arranged for back-up child care, and offer emergency childcare option to help address this issue. It is believed that with backup care, a far greater number of people can be covered than conventional on-site care because it is not being used daily (Kiger, 2005). Other companies have resorted to reserving spots in local child-care centers for employees emergency use (Kiger 2005). Emergency childcare has led to employees taking fewer days off, due to less severe illnesses of their children (Schandl, 1992). Some employers have addressed the absenteeism problem by providing after(prenominal)hours care (Cohen, 1991). One study concluded that by providing afterhours care companies could minimize absenteeism by 20 percent and recover the cost of an on-site center in five years (Connelly, Degraff Willis, 2004). The director of Childcare at one company describe on-site childcare as a way to create good morale, influence in younger to middle-age workers that need a second income and have a more stable attendance at work (Leask, 1999).In some cases, o nsite childcare has also encouraged women employees to return to work sooner after the birth of a child, because of the companys infant daycare (Aschbacher, Burud,1989 as cited in Oekerman 1997, Leask 1999). Women are more comfortable having their infant closer to their job, then leaving than in a childcare somewhere across town (Oekerman, 1997). She explained that parents are more secured, because if there is a problem or concern, they are only a few feet away from their little ones. Others argue that employers flexibility has an even greater doctor on absenteeism, compare to on-site childcare (Miller, 1984). In a study conducted by Casey and Grzywacz (2008), the result show that an increase in comprehend flexibility was associated with a decrease in sickness absences and work-related impairment and improved job commitment.Employers ImageSupporters of on-site childcare see on-site benefit as a significant demonstration of the companys investment in their employees, and what resu lt their policy on childcare will have on employees, and their overall standing in the community (Hartley Keyser, 2002). Companies that offer on-site child care argue that it is not about breaking even or quantifying the benefits. These employers believe that the savings and benefits obtain from on-site childcare programs are not necessary shown in the numbers but in things such as morale and performance, which are difficult to quantify (McIntyre, 2000 Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). Companies that sponsor child care programs believe that benefits can be seen in increased recruiting potential, morale, productivity, and quality. It is more of a moral dimension to the company, companies that provide on-site childcare believe that it not through with(p) because of profit, but providing on-site childcare is the right thing to do (McIntyre 2000). According to Kiger (2005), companies are utilizing child-care programs to mitigate one of the most painful and destructive ills of the twenty-first century economy parents decreasing contact with their kids and increasing alienation from family life. On-site childcare is a way of helping to strike a balance between work and personal life and a social debt instrument of employers that also creates a competitive advantage (Elswick, 2001). Employer sponsor childcare benefits is viewed as a demonstration of an employers commitment to employees and leadership in the community, which has resulted in deepen morale and company image, as well as an increased the companys ability to attract talents (Durekas 2009). Supporters of daycare emphasize that not only is it the employers social indebtedness to provide day care services, but also the employers responsibility to aright staffed and designed program (Milkovich, 1976).DisadvantagesFinancial. With all the benefits associated with on-site child care, such as higher retention, lower absenteeism, improved performance and high morale, there are not many companies are jump ing to offer this benefit (Morrissey Warner, 2008, Kiger, 2005). A study conducted in 1998 found 8000 firms on-site or near-site care (McIntyre, 2000). most companies are afraid to underwrite the cost of starting a new facility because onsite childcare is expensive to start and operate (Land-Lang Orban Malsbary, 1990). Although there are numerous benefits from opening an on-site childcare, many companies are not free to commit a substantial amount for start-up cost (McIntyre, 2000). Companies also have to take into consideration the investment in land, buildings, operation of the center, and potential obligation issues (Langland -Orban Malsbary, 1990).Quality childcare centers are likely to operate at a loss. The capital requirements are substantial, and actual losses and capital requirements have the potential to exceed forecasts (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). For example, one accounting-firm executive estimates that most hospital-sponsored childcare centers lose $250,000 t o $500,000 yearly (Lutz 1987, 46, 48 as cited in Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990) and another hospital-owned childcare center reports that fees cover only 75 percent of operating costs (Wayne and Burud 1986, 83 as cited in Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). So even though state and federal government offer tax incentives, it still has not been enough to overcome companies fear of the added cost and responsibility associated with operating an on-site childcare (Kelley, 2000 McIntyre, 2000). Onsite child care centers are not viewed as money makers, in many instances companies have to subsidize the budget for the operation of one (McIntyre, 2000).Management. Many employers are not equipped to manage an on-site childcare and some authors (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990) suggest that employers can use many strategies to respond to employee requests for quality childcare that do not require entry into the unfamiliar childcare business or bewilder a substantial capital investment or operati ng loss. The management of on-site childcare entails different levels of expertise that companies are not necessarily equipped with (Keyser Hartley, 2002). Supporters of on-site childcare claim it is the social responsibility of employers to provide a childcare facility that is well-managed (Milkovich Gomez, 1976). Some companies hired competent childcare aides, but such individuals are not necessarily equipped to manage the day to day activities of an on-site childcare center (Keyser Hartley, 2002 Milkovich Gomez, 1976).Some Langland-Orban Malsbary (1990) further emphasized that providers of on-site childcare centers may encounter conflicts with employees, particularly regarding one-year rate increases, assessing penalties to parents who are late in picking up children, or the decision to terminate the center operation. On-site childcare program is a direct reflection of employers commitment to their employees, and without effective management of on-site childcare programs, employers will be faced with dissatisfaction, and complaints from employees which will have adverse impact on recruiting and retention (Keyser Hartley, 2002 Langland-Orban Malsbary). Critics however recommend that some employers should stay away from managing on-site childcare programs, because employers that have no expertise in managing child daycare centers increases their companies financial risks. Although child-development specialists are often employed, they do not have the expertise to manage an on-site childcare (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990).Return on investment. The potential to enhance employee recruitment and retention through child daycare exists, but potential savings are difficult to quantify accurately (Segal 1984 as cited in Langland-Orban). There are little to no research on the actual dollars a company saves from offering on-site childcare (Durekas, 2009 Miller 1984). Some researcher argued that a company can attract and retain employees, by offering other ch ildcare benefits instead of investing in an on-site childcare (Zampetti, 1991). Those who support on-site childcare stressed that, the return on investment is can be found in areas such as good public image, decrease in absenteeism, increase in productivity, and employees commitment (Kelley, 2006). While the benefits are difficult to quantify, company are gaining competitive advantage which is a substantial return on investment (Zampetti, 1991 Leask, 1999). According to Durekas (2009), research has also shown a childcare center could save a business as much as $500,000 annually in turnover costs-10 retained workers at $50,000 per worker.Ethical IssuesSome of the ethical questions surrounding on-site childcare are Is on-site childcare in the interest of the child? (Oekerman, 1997) and is on-site childcare fair to everyone